Police Brutality :: Use of Excessive Force by Police

As of late, police activities, especially police misuse, has come into perspective on a wide, open and basic eye. While residents stress over shielding themselves from lawbreakers, it has now been indicated that they should likewise watch out for the individuals who should ensure and serve. This paper will examine the sorts of police misuse predominant today, including the utilization of guns and receipt of private data. I will likewise talk about what and how residents' privileges are exploited by police. For these issues, arrangements will be talked about, concentrating on political change, training, and resident survey sheets. These measures are important to shield ourselves from police exploiting their situations as law implementation officials with more prominent tolerant rights than private residents. Due to this critical differential, all residents must make positive move from physical severity, rights infringement, and data misuse. Issues emerge, be that as it may, when one side is determined what to do by another, as there will undoubtedly be clashing perspectives. With respect to police misuse, there will be numerous officials who feel that their activity of battling raising road wrongdoing, posses, opiates infringement, and other fierce violations is troublesome as of now, and that stressing over extreme arrangement for oppressive conduct will just further diminish their capacity to battle wrongdoing successfully, effectively, and securely. Residents, notwithstanding, have been up to speed in this gung-ho demeanor, and police are increasingly more frequently going too far of examination and cross examination with damaging conduct. This maltreatment must be checked with the goal that police remember who they are serving- - not themselves, however general society. This implies even the crooks, who are a piece of general society, have certain rights, especially, social liberties. All residents must know about t hese rights to secure themselves against over-forceful officials who exploit their situation as identification and weapon holders to threaten and mishandle regular people for individual or departmental objectives. Such clashes have critical ramifications on departmental and regulatory strategy methodology. One of the principle police misuse issues is physical ruthlessness. The primary objective here ought to be to get the police offices to receive and implement a composed strategy overseeing the utilization of physical power. The strategy ought to limit physical power to the tightest conceivable scope of explicit circumstances. For instance, their ought to be impediments on the utilization of hand-to-hand battle, twirly doos, mace, immobilizers, and guns. Nonetheless, restricting polices' activities will bring a lot of discussion, particularly from cops and heads themselves.

Understanding Urban Landscapes Essay Essay Example

Understanding Urban Landscapes Essay The outgrowth of present day urban arranging is as an outcome of endeavors that are aimed at turn toing and work trip the cultural occupations that outcome due to the expanded country to urban relocation. The consider of people going along with urban nations in chase for better work chances continues expanding rapidly by the twenty-four hours. It has subsequently gotten significant for modifications to be made and actualized in the way buildings are structured and arranged in order to cover with this situation. The postmodern curve in engineering and arranging is all things considered non prepared great bounty to get by with these cultural issues as it only spotlights on impossible to miss requests. hallucinations and needs. Modernists’ thought of urban arranging and advancement central focuses for huge scope. mechanically judicious and metropolitan-wide urban projects that are productive that are described by straightforward design ( Harvey. 1989 ) . Post innovation engineering then again shows a build of urban arranging as a blend of past signifiers of configuration superimposed upon each and current uses the majority of which are passing. We will compose a custom paper test on Understanding Urban Landscapes Essay explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Understanding Urban Landscapes Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Understanding Urban Landscapes Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The way that city can simply be directed in spots has made urban structure ( postmodern curve in design ) to be just touchy to neighborhood accounts. unconventional cultural requests and needs and normal conventions in this manner bring forthing compositional signifiers that are particular and very tweaked that scope from may run from friend and infinites that are customized through remembrances that are customary to exhibition cheer blasting to give engaging and solitary structural habits. Post current curve in engineering and arranging has other than left from present day be aftering builds of how vast is respected. Present day be aftering sees unending as a thing to be formed and made for cultural goals henceforth ever compliant to cultural endeavor building. Postmodern curve in design and arranging in any case see unbounded as a free and autonomous thing that ought to be molded in adjustment to stylish purposes and qualities which do non needfully hold anything to make with achieving a cultural objective aside from conceivably for their immortal magnificence ( Relph. 1987 ) . This paper tries to discover if this twist is better furnished to cover with the cultural issues for which present day arranging was actualized for. It very well may be easily contended that the London demonstration of 1895 established the framework for present day arranging that rose on the substance. This demonstration directed the height of structures on explicit destinations. As mature ages passed by. adjustments and improvements were made on the Act which at long last prompted the geometric unadorned habits that portray innovation that commanded urban scenes content everywhere throughout the universe ( Best A ; Kellner. 1997 ) . Present day arranging was executed to better the existence states of urban nations. At first urban arranging focused on maintain excursion sources of income that were available in urban nations by beautification of structures and working of nurseries. This accomplished non work out and the point was moved to planing and innovative action of good private houses and regions in urban nations. This dislodging is truly what established the signifiers and types of current metropoliss. Present day urban be aftering risen as an outcome of industrialisation which made a few people travel to urban nations where the businesses were situated in chase of occupations. Industrialization was accused for working laborers and doing imbalances in life conditions. People in urban nations lived in hapless conditions with the end goal that they had hapless housing. presented to awful air. inconsistent H2O and hapless wellbeing Urban arranging subsequently planned for bettering these conditions and turn toing the cultural requests of the individuals who lived in urban nations ( Relph. 1987 ) . This was done through enaction of civil by-laws that represented and entertained the rules of structures. town formats and shape of mechanical towns. The by-laws other than guaranteed building designs especially those that concerned fire and general wellbeing of inhabitants were watched. Negligible models were set for entryway and window sizes. Afterward. standards that directed the expansiveness of the road between structures. size of the terrace and stature of structures were other than actualized ( Cohen. 1981 ) . As mature ages passed by and the populace in urban nations expanded. so were changes made on the by-laws to suit the colossal Numberss. Such adjustments were essentially made on highs of buildings expanding them with the goal that a major figure of people could be bolstered on a little nation of land. Building designs that concerned wellbeing and health were by the by kept up. These projects planned for keeping general tidiness and wellbeing of town occupants. They other than left the region and looked to ensure that movement was equivalent and proficient in urban nations. The by-laws managed how a long way from the railroad lines and streets the structures were built. Lanes and railroad lines were improved and illuming gave to increase effectiveness in going even at dull. These projects coordinated where stores. schools and different establishments would be situated in urban nations. The builds of these projects have greatly affected present day urban scene however non in the way the early contrivers had sought after ( full current civilisation in all features including cultural ) . The effect can only be found in the in things, for example, traffic circles. u-circles. region programs and the unintegrated methodical land-use zones. Their valuable expectations and considerations for Reconstruction of urban Centers and cultural changes have yielded tiny. These contemplations have essentially either been improved and gone to hypothetical records that are either utilized in schoolrooms. acclimated to arranging instruments that are radical for region arranging and urban Center districting. bureaucratically changed. politically adjusted for exigencies or dissolved so their application and removal can be simple. Urban be aftering on the other hand of amassing at run intoing cultural requests. it has gone to be a movement whose main design is simply to do metropoliss work quickly more in equivalent to factories do. These adjustments consequently came about to what is presently alluded to as postmodern twist in design and arranging. This twist is portrayed by cost effectivity where the manufacturers and inside decorators target rescuing cost of structure and doing them low salary endeavors. They are portrayed by holding pads. stores. foundations, for example, classifications and angel consideration focuses across the board structure. This is not normal for the idea the early urban contrivers had in leader of a decent city where these establishments were situated in a comfortable strolling good ways from private nations. The activity of this plan where everything is housed under one rooftop is that developing through augmentation by expansiveness or length can non be accomplished. Development in these buildings is simply conceivable done age as they no longer have the rectangular structure that was expected of all structures ; they all things considered are worked in similarity with the owners’ wants who need the structures to be unmistakably not the same as others. This has come about to the outgrowth of structures that are of a wide range of structures. Postmodernist design and arranging is considered non to hold any life as there is no reasonable separation between open condition and private assets ( Cohen. 1981 ) . This is to suggest that it has really wrecked with the earth as it is primarily described by structures and fencings and as nil is being done to proceed with nature. Postmodernist design gives no sound condition to the city occupants as was expected by present day urban arranging. This twist is extremely significant as it has greatly affected the lives of individuals who live in the urban Centers Harvey. 1989 ) . The present engineering is said to encapsulate need which is more terrible than the ghettos it is looking to get off from. It is contended that the postmodern twist in design and arranging does non gracefully decent housing and cultural stipulation ( Best A ; Kellner. 1997 ) . The human progress and community Centers introduced gave by station present day design to outline are contended non to hold all the required establishments, for example, book shops that are utile to the people. The inside decorators in postmodern design and arranging are other than blamed for being obtuse toward self variegation among the city tenants and non doing any endeavors towards providing it as see it to be revolting and nonsensical and that it could do commotion. Urban inhabitants are other than comfortable by the nonappearance of self-enhancement and appear non to inconvenience oneself about sing it as an interest. Switch and improvement in designing has, all things considered, contributed postmodern engineering and arranging. It makes it feasible for the inside decorators to pass on with customers and arrange the structures so they meet all the maps. social gustatory sensations and condition of affairss. These inside decorators work to run into all the parts of the bargains professing to envelop majority rule government and opportunity. Be that as it may, so they disregard the battles that could start among law and popular government and the hits that exist among justness and opportunity. The occupations looked by the minorities and the individuals who are unprivileged are ordinarily disregarded ( Silver. 1996 )

How to Do a Research Paper Fast

How to Do a Research Paper FastIf you want to know how to do a research paper fast, the first thing you need to do is figure out exactly what it is that you need to include in your paper. Because of this, the first step is to determine how much time you have and what topics you will cover. You also have to decide what specific papers you are going to write because the topic for each paper is determined by the topic of the book you will be using to help you learn how to do a research paper fast.Another important step in how to do a research paper fast is making sure that you have all of the appropriate information before you begin writing. Knowing what research materials and supplies are needed will allow you to get your supplies before you start writing. Make sure you prepare your own materials before you begin writing.If you want to know how to do a research paper fast, another thing you need to do is review and revise your research materials over again. One way to accomplish this i s to print out your notes every morning and make a new one. This will give you a fresh set of notes to use for the rest of the day. After a few days of using this method, you will find that the material you used when writing your final research paper is not only more organized, but also easier to read and understand.If you want to know how to do a research paper fast, another important factor is taking advantage of some of the software available to help you with this process. There are plenty of software programs that are free that can help you organize your notes so that they are easier to read and organize. This software will also let you get an idea of what to write before you begin writing and review your writing afterwards. There are also times when software can help you with ways to edit your writing so that it makes sense and makes your paper more readable.The last aspect of how to do a research paper fast is to take advantage of resources and tools available to you as well. There are plenty of websites that will be able to help you with how to do a research paper fast because you can sign up for emails that contain updates on current research activities. You can also access a variety of articles and journals from which to read and learn about topics you are interested in, whether it is health, family, economics, or social science.Finally, if you are having difficulty writing your paper, you can turn to help. Many organizations have online support groups where you can talk with others who are going through the same thing as you are. There are also websites that offer articles that can help you with your writing and research writing. If you want to know how to do a research paper fast, you can also search for these online and consult with others who are having the same problems you are.These are some of the methods that you can use to learn how to do a research paper fast. They can help you to get the basics down and to learn how to do research papers fa st. If you have a bit more time, you may wish to consider investing in more advanced techniques for researching. These will allow you to get to deeper, more complex facts and your research should be more comprehensive.Writing a research paper can be very time consuming and difficult at times, but with the right amount of patience and skill, it can be done. As long as you follow the tips and suggestions above and you practice a lot, you will be able to improve your writing and research skills in no time.

Being One and Twenty - Literature Essay Samples

Turning 21 defines a threshold into adulthood where an individual’s actions define them further in life. By allowing leniency and the assurance to make mistakes and learn, 21 year old’s live free of obligation and constraint. Both â€Å"To Sir John Lade, on his Coming of Age† and â€Å"When I was One-and-Twenty† respectively by Samuel Johnson and A. E. Housman, characterize this feeling of freedom that comes with the age of 21. Through the individual structure and cadence of the poems both poets reflect on their experiences at age 21 and relay a message about freedom. By advising the readers how to experience life at 21 through different perspectives with attitudes of freedom in one and caution in the other, Johnson and Housman recommend an adventurous outlook of the future. Each poem echoes advice to the twenty one year old in different perspectives to create a personal atmosphere. Johnson uses his poem to address Sir John Lade, a colleague, who he congratulates for enduring life and advises to let loose and enjoy the coming year. He writes, â€Å"Loosened from the minor’s tether,† explaining that Sir John is free from the expectations and obligations he was once bound by. Throughout his poem, Johnson uses words referring to birds including â€Å"flown,† â€Å"feather,† and â€Å"fly,† which hold the connotation of freedom and weightlessness. In being â€Å"loosened† Johnson conveys an image of a bird being set free. Contrastingly, Housman uses a personal anecdote of being advised to prompt an image of a caged heart. At first a â€Å"wise man,† tells the narrator to live freely but guard â€Å"your heart away.† Housman reveals that he did not listen, â€Å"No use to talk to me,† as a way to advise readers just as the wise man did to him. Through this personal recollection, Housman’s analogy serves to encourage readers into living freely whereas Johnson used a broader perspective of all 21 year olds to relay a similar message. In conveying the message, the two authors create different tones in their poems that ultimately lead to different approaches to the same advice. Whereas Johnson encourages worry-free freedom, Housman describes more of a warning to live with caution. Johnson’s poem innately acts joyous telling readers to â€Å"Let it wander as it will,† or not to worry too much. Thus, the structural ABAB rhyme scheme of each stanza creates this lighthearted and fun tone throughout the poem. Housman, on the other hand, seems regretful from the beginning as he recall his experience as 21. He writes, â€Å"’Tis paid with sighs a plenty.† With no clear rhyme scheme and syntax, reflecting remorse, he creates a gloomy tone compared to Johnson and conveys a message of warning. He hopes the reader will live with caution and listen unlike him when he was 21. The contrast of attitudes reveals the duality of freedom that both authors highlight. Johnson and Housman describe the double edged nature of freedom through their premise of living at age 21. In the last quatrain, Johnson informs, â€Å"You can hang or drown at last.† This line stands outs against the joyous attitude of the rest of the poem as Johnson describes that one has to live to their full potential until the end or â€Å"drown† into a mundane life of obligations. Thus, the 21st year determines the rest of one’s life as they finally have the freedom to live on their own terms and they must choose to live adventurously or filled with worry. Similarly, Housman leans toward a worry free approach to living by warning readers to â€Å"keep your fancy free.† Thus, he is advocating avoiding troubles of the heart and living instead to the best of one’s potential and on one’s own terms. This human struggle of choosing oneself over societal pressures encompassed by both poems reveals that one has to choose themselves when they ge t the opportunity, described as the age 21 in the poems. Being 21 allows one to make mistakes and live for themselves and both Johnson and Housman encourage readers to take this opportunity. Housman recalls his regrets in giving his heart away whereas Johnson addresses the reader directly to convey this message. Both poets advocate a chance for freedom at the age of 21. Although they use different tones of worry free versus regretful, they motivate readers to abandon obligations in order to experience life. Overall, both Johnson and Housman use turning 21 as a jumping point to determine how one will live the rest of their life and, thus, encourage one to live for themselves.

Visualization Analysis On Data Mining - 1476 Words

1 ABSTARCT Visualization in data mining is a new methodology for exploring and analyzing a huge data sets, data visualization techniques and joining traditional data mining strategies. It is used for large amounts of data sets and information. Visualization of model-fitting, data and results play a very important role, but vast data sets are distinctive and new techniques of a data display needed for managing and dealing with large data sets. With the help of this paper to learn the importance of visualization techniques, approaches and methods used in data mining . The strategy used to achieve this objective is writing an literature review of many books, journal articles and conference proceeding which are written by experts. Contents 2. Introduction 3 3. Literature Review 4 4. Conclusion 5 5. Reference 5 2 INTRODUCTION Data mining is the procedure of identifying new hidden, insights and unexpected patterns in large data. Analyzing and exploring the huge volume of data sets and information becomes increasingly very difficult. Visualization of data mining helps to deal with a flood of data and information. As a volume of a large set of data stored and collected in databases develops, there is a developing need to provide a data summarization through visualization. The benefit of visual information investigation is that the client directly involves in the process ofShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Proper Representation Of Data1713 Words   |  7 Pagesrepresentation of data that is mined from social media. The need for data mining and its various advantages are also discussed. The standard tasks involved in data mining are explained. The discussion illuminates the various techniques that can be used for representing the data (Textual representation, Tables, Graphs, Infographic). 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Deliberative Publics and Science Policy

Question: Discuss about the Deliberative Publics and Science Policy. Answer: Introduction The public consultation is one of the most important rights of the citizens in a democratic country (Burgess 2014 pp 50). The citizens have the right to engage in the decision-making process of the nation. It is a form of recognition of the citizens has access to especially in a democratic economy (Axelrod and VanDeveer 2014 pp 104). The government gives sufficient opportunities to participate in the process of shaping the world (Burgess 2014). This kind of participation is usually affected in several ways at various levels. They can range from informal local community settings to the involvement of legal entities, NGOs and key institutions (Axelrod and VanDeveer 2014). This essay would critically assess the strengths as well as weakness of the public consultation process in the policy making function of the government. The analysis would be supported with the help of Australian policy making examples. Discussion The public consultation process comprises of the regulatory framework in which the general publics opinion on important matters is obtained before formulating important decisions (ALNabhani Khan and Yang 2016 pp 608). The primary goals of this process are the improvement of the efficiency as well as fostering transparency in the process. The government often aims for public involvement in the large-scale projects concerning the policies and laws (Axelrod and Van Deveer 2014). This process involves the notification, consultation as well as participation on important matters. The notification process comprises of the publicity on important matters that needs to be addressed. The consultation comprises of the two-way exchange of information as well as the exchange of opinions (Ezzamel et al. 2014). The participation process is concerned with the involvement of the different interest groups in the process of drafting policy on important matters. The process of public consultation is wide ly prevalent in the Commonwealth countries including Australia (Ezzamel et al. 2014). The democratic countries have displayed similar systems all over the world. The process of public consultation is different for different countries. The democracies are different and varied in terms of cultural as well as social distinction (Ezzamel et al. 2014). The conventions, traditions and the structures reflect the habits and values of the citizens of the country (Rose-Ackerman and Palifka 2016). The Australian scientist Graham Maddox has expressed his beliefs by stating that the democracy should be based on the constitutional order through which the power of the states is limited to the appropriate sections. The citizens are increasingly getting involved in the policy making process of the government (Purcell 2014). The principles of public participation are as follows- Public participation improves the quality of decision making of the government. It promotes sustainable decisions by recognising as well as communicating the interests of all the participants (Ezzamel et al. 2014). It involves all the necessary stakeholders in the decision-making process of the organization. It provides sufficient information to the stakeholders which would make them knowledgeable about the current scenario of the government (Purcell 2014). It should be accurate, balanced and comprehensive. The consultation process should be properly evaluated by the selection of criteria such as influence, timeliness, representation, enabling process, feedback and early involvement (Purcell 2014). The importance of the public consultation is described as follows - It fosters the relationship between the citizens and the government (Khan et al. 2015). Empowerment of the citizens as they feel valued to is a part of the decision-making process of the government (Purcell 2014). Growth of the individual opportunities. Increased power of the citizens which would lead to the greater autonomy. Efficient policy formulation as it would lead to better benefits to the nation (Khan et al. 2015). The public participation is considered as the most important aspect of the democratic government. The policy is based on the range of inputs derived from the public. It is also subjected to the external challenges (Khan et al. 2015). The policy formulation needs to be transparent and should be formulated after taking the viewpoints of the employees. There has been considerable improvement in the public services of Australia. The Royal Commission on Government Administration promoted the government approaches towards the public service and asked the citizens to connect greatly with the decision-making authorities of the government (Aph.gov.au 2017). There have been increasing reform activities in the Australia in various democratic parties. It welcomed the management practices in the private sector and emphasized on the three Es such as efficiency, economy and the effectiveness (Aph.gov.au 2017). The New Public Management (NPM) emphasized on the integration of the private sector with the public sector by applying the main lessons from the private sector in the formulation of public policies (Aph.gov.au 2017). There is an increase in the civic engagement in the country by increasing the stakeholder involvement and the citizen responsiveness (Aph.gov.au 2017). There are several strengths of the public consultation process. They are described below Sustainable Development- The public consultation has a unique feature of considering all the stakeholders for the purpose of deriving suitable decisions. This kind of consultation aims to integrate the social, economic and environmental aspects (Environment.gov.au 2017). There would be an increase in the public participation as there is a need to balance the environmental as well as economic trade-offs (Environment.gov.au 2017). In Australia, there are several environment issues which have been solved with the help of public consultation. The Ecological Sustainable Development was one of the first government initiatives to seek for sustainable development activities (Environment.gov.au 2017). It seeks out the public participation in matters such as energy production, energy use, conservation, transport and tourism activities (Environment.gov.au 2017). The Working Group aimed to implement the principles of the sustainable development in relevant sectors through the process of public c onsultation (Environment.gov.au 2017). This involved the increased concern of the public towards the environmental issues. Environmental Protection- One of the primary features of the public consultation in the process of the formulation of the environmental policies. It is believed that the environmental issues prevailing in Australia can be solved with the help of public participation (Vinuales 2014). This is because of the fact that public represents the environmental interests in Australia. It also helps the government to put environment on its agenda. The RIO Declaration has emphasized on the importance of the public participation in the matters of the environment (Vinuales 2014). This declaration is formulated on the Environment and its development which is one of the documents which is presented in the Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), which is also known as Earth Summit (Aph.gov.au 2017). The declaration emphasizes on the fact that the environmental issues can be best handled by the participation of the citizens. It focuses on the fact that on the national level, each individual must have access to the relevant information which also includes the information on hazardous activities as well as the actions of the communities (UNEP, 2017). The public consultation in this sector helps to gain secure conservation gains by creating a barrier for the inappropriate development. The public would make the government aware of the existing issues of the environment (Vinuales 2014). Australia faces the issue of marine conservation and hence it is important to conserve the Great Barrier Reef (Dale et al. 2016). The reef faces the issue of climate change, damage in quality of water from run-off, overfishing, accidents related to shipping and the coral bleaching (Harris et al. 2013). Conflict Management- The public consultation process requires the viewpoints of several stakeholders who work for specific national or international issues (Foucault 2013). However, it is also important to understand how to manage the arising conflicts. The public consultation process is designed in such a manner that it gives sufficient opportunities for the citizens to resolve any arguments (Harris et al. 2013). The involvement of the citizens in the early stages of the policy formulation helps them to resolve any individual differences between them. The World Bank acknowledges the role of public consultation in effectively reducing the conflicts arising in the process of formulation of policies (Hill and Varone 2014). The Word Bank gives priority to the public consultation as it believes that this process improves the viability of a project. The public views would be incorporated in the policy document of the government and it is also helpful in the project execution (Harris et al . 2013). This is important for the ownership of the projects and the participation of the stakeholders in the management of the government projects. High performance of the policies- The public consultation focuses on the views of the citizens towards creating a sustainable and robust public policy (Harris et al. 2013). The experience of the citizens would help them to enrich the quality of the public policy. The viewpoints, ideas and the perspectives of the citizens would help to formulate an effective policy aimed at the betterment of the country (Micheletti Stolle and Berlin 2014). The implemented policies would help the country to solve the current issues of the country. The innovative and the creative policy would help the country to gain a new perspective towards the common political issues (Micheletti Stolle and Berlin 2014). It would also help in the consistent reform from the citizen focussed way that can be gained only through the process of public consultation. The collaboration with the citizens and their participation would not only help in the policy formulation but also help in the implementation of the policy in n ational or international context (Micheletti Stolle and Berlin 2014). Economic benefits- The public consultation is one of the core processes which aim to increase the economic benefits of the nation (Buchanan 2014). If there is public participation in the decision-making process, then there would be considerable savings of the time as well as finances (Buchanan 2014). The financial resources are important for a countrys well-being. If the citizens are involved in the early stages of the planning process, then there would be implementation of the correct budget approach. The Australian Government has successfully benefited from the public participation during the process of public consultation (Buchanan 2014). There is several weaknesses of the public consultation in the process of policy formulation. These are described below Costs of public consultation- There is significant increased costs of the public policy formulation as there is involvement of a large number of stakeholders. There are a number of costs that are associated with this approach. Each group of the stakeholders may have different budgetary requirements and this may create burden on the government authorities (Litman 2015). There are various costs associated with this process such as costs of research, cost of communication with the public, cost of resources for consultation management and others (Litman 2015). There can be other costs such as cost of delay and costs associated with the uncertainty of the policy formulation process. The government needs to address these costs and propose necessary suggestions for improving the same (Litman 2015). For example, the Australian Government has found it difficult to retain absolute control of the consultation process and hence there are instances when the government is unable to control the pub lic consultation process (Litman 2015). Lack of authority of citizens- There are instances when the citizens do not have formal powers which would make them suitable for public consultation (Castles 2016). They may not be able to make binding decisions and there can be instances when only a few individuals can participate. For example, in Australia, there is a difference between the Australian citizens and the permanent residents (Castles 2016). A resident has lower participation authority in the government matters of the state while the Australian citizens enjoy different legislative authorities (Castles 2016). The citizens have the right to vote while the residents do not have so. Similarly, the residents do not have the ability to involve in the decision-making process of the government (Castles 2016). The social imbalances regarding the authority to be involved in the public formulation of the policies create difficulties for the government bodies. This also makes it difficult to derive the true meaning of the public c onsultation. Initial preparation issues- The initial preparation phases of the policy formulation may not be easy and there can be issues with the assimilation of the various components (Castles 2016). There may be issues with the agenda setting, selection of jury, selection of the witness and others. There can also be issues with the selection of the community representatives (Castles 2016). The government may find it difficult to select an appropriate section of the population for involving in the policy making process of the government. There are also instances when the selection of a particular group of people does not effectively help in the policy formulation as this group may not be knowledgeable about the particular government matters (Castles 2016). There can be other weaknesses of the public consultation process such as information transfer and the responsiveness. Time consuming nature- There can be increased time consumption of the public consultation process. The individual groups of the citizens are difficult to be assimilated and it may take long time to gain their feedback (Apsc.gov.au 2017). The lack of infrastructure also makes the process of public consultation time consuming. The excessive delay in the policy formulation may cause issues for the government and there may also be delay in the actual implementation of the policies (Apsc.gov.au 2017). The Australian Public Service has lot of challenges regarding the timely implementation of the public policy and the way it is being implemented (Apsc.gov.au 2017). Lack of clarity in the policy making process- There is the presence of overlapping stages in the policy making process and there is no clear process in the implementation of the public consultation. The lack of the institutional arrangements and the lack of clear policy goals have created an issue for the public policy making activity (Khan et al. 2015). The trade unions and the civil society in Australia lack the expertise, resources and the planning to channelize the public consultation process in different areas of policy making (Khan et al. 2015). There is also lack of clarity of the policy makers which make it difficult to actually implement the public consultation process. Conclusion The public consultation is one of the most important parameters of the government and the formulation of the public policy is an important task. The citizens have the right to take decisions for the country. There is a range of different topics that need to be taken into consideration after taking the public viewpoints. This essay discussed about the details of the public consultation process. The principles of the public participation process are also discussed. It is important to implement a wide variety of public consultation polices which would improve the political as well as environmental scenario of Australia. The current situation of Australia regarding the public consultation process is enumerated and a fairly large number of examples have been used in this essay. The strengths as well as weakness of the public consultation process in the formulation of public policy are analysed in detail. This essay would provide a detailed picture of the actual public consultation process . References ALNabhani, K., Khan, F. and Yang, M., 2016. The importance of public participation in legislation of TENORM risk management in the oil and gas industry.Process Safety and Environmental Protection,102, pp.606-614. Aph.gov.au. 2017.Home Parliament of Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au [Accessed 11 Jan. 2017]. Apsc.gov.au. 2017.APSC - APSC. [online] Available at: https://www.apsc.gov.au [Accessed 11 Jan. 2017]. Axelrod, R.S. and VanDeveer, S.D. eds., 2014.The global environment: institutions, law, and policy. CQ Press. Buchanan, J.M., 2014.Public finance in democratic process: Fiscal institutions and individual choice. UNC Press Books. Burgess, M.M., 2014. From trust us to participatory governance: deliberative publics and science policy.Public understanding of science,23(1), pp.48-52. Castles, S., 2016. 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War And Psychology Essays - Christian Fiction, The Screwtape Letters

War And Psychology The experience of war places stresses on the human spirit that can scarcely be imagined in peacetime. Dilemmas that can be largely avoided in time of peace must be faced in a time of war. Concern for one's own physical safety is often at odds with concern for the wellbeing of one's countrymen. The dictates of the mind often fight the dictates of the emotions. In such a tug of war situation, where practical and moral factors align themselves in strange and ironic patterns, it is hardly surprising that individuals respond in highly divergent ways. In this paper, the dangers that war poses to the human psyche will be considered and an attempt will be made to account for the some of the variability that can be seen in the way in which individuals respond to these threats. An examination of two books suggests that certain character traits help inoculate people in time of war, better enabling them to withstand the assaults of war. It also suggests that the absence of certain traits makes people vulnerable when they are placed in threatening circumstances. In examining two literary works: The Screwtape Letters by C.S. Lewis and The English Patient by Michael Ondaatje three character traits that were necessary in order to ensure spiritual survival were clearly shown. These traits were faith, courage, and loyalty. In the course of this paper, special attention will be given to the character traits described above. The significance of their presence or absence in the personalities of a number of literary characters will be considered. In The Screwtape Letters, Lewis' portrays an anonymous English protagonist struggling to maintain his spiritual integrity against the assaults of temptations of Hell during World War Two. In The English Patient, Ondaatje portrays a group of characters, brought together by their circumstances, reacting to what the author portrays as the tidal wave of war. The importance of faith, courage and loyalty enable Lewis' character to spiritually survive all the assaults of wartime. The absence of these characteristics cause Ondaatje's characters to flounder. Faith, courage and loyalty provide a necessary framework for moral thought and action, enabling the soul to survive even under the adverse conditions presented by war. C.S. Lewis deals extensively with the dangers that war poses to the human psyche. In his wartime work entitled The Screwtape Letters, he presents an essentially hopeful view concerning the ability of the soul to survive the assaults of war. He proposes that having the right perspective is the key to the soul's survival. Lewis deals with a wide variety of temptations that serve to undermine the integrity of man in his journey through life. All of these temptations assert their power to some degree in peacetime. Yet, their power is often strengthened by the pressures of war. In The English Patient, Michael Ondaatje presents an entirely different perspective concerning the effects of war on the human psyche. Although he never spells it out, Ondaatje seems to take a fairly deterministic view. The fate of his characters often seems to lie beyond their control. It is almost as if his characters have been struck by a giant tidal wave and are helpless to resist as they are carried away. The reader seldom gets the impression that Ondaatje's characters have alternatives other than to think and act the way they do. They are presented as victims of circumstances who warrant our compassion but not our judgment. Each leaves the war deeply scarred in the spiritual sense. In the work of C.S. Lewis, faithfulness to God is the factor that ensures the soul's survival. Lewis describes the danger of being overwhelmed by "the stream of immediate sense experiences" (Lewis pg.12). A man's tendency to focus on the immediate and the personal at the expense of the universal threatens his ability to survive in any spiritual sense. When focusing on his own inconvenience, hunger and pain, a man tends to lose sight of broader concerns, such as his spiritual wellbeing and the common good. Faith enables a man to focus on the spiritual and the eternal, to face each day's trials with commitment and determination and to survive war with his psyche intact. Lewis grapples with the paradox of war. Lewis argues convincingly that, while some may be destroyed by war, others may actually experience spiritual growth through adversity. Alerted to the finite nature of life and made more conscious of the needs of others, a man's faith and strength may flourish in ways that he never dreamed possible. Lewis dispels the belief that